The Revival of the Religious Sciences (Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn) is widely regarded as the greatest work of Muslim spirituality, and is perhaps the most read work in the Muslim world, after the Qurʾān.
The Revival of the Religious Sciences is divided into four parts, each containing ten chapters. Part one deals with knowledge and the requirements of faith—ritual purity, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage, recitation of the Qurʾān, and so forth; part two concentrates on people and society—the manners related to eating, marriage, earning a living, and friendship; parts three and four are dedicated to the inner life of the soul and discuss first the vices that people must overcome in themselves and then the virtues that they must strive to achieve. Below we list the contents of the book, English translations, and links to printed editions in the original Arabic.
- Overview of the Iḥyāʾ by Ḥājī Khalīfa (In Arabic)
- Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn:In Arabic with takhrīj (ḥadīth verification) by al-Ḥāfiẓ Zayn al-dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥīm b. al-Ḥussaīn al-ʿIrāqī (died Wednesday, 8th of shaʿbān (8) 806/ 2 February 1404 ) (in MS word files.)
- For more information on the Arabic language printed editions please see here.
- Book 1: Book of knowledge (Faris’ text)
- Al-Ghazālī: The Book of Knowledge, Translated by Kenneth Honerkamp, Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 2015.
- English translation by N. A. Faris (PDF).
- English translation that was a PhD thesis at Hartford Seminary by W. McCall (1940). (See item # 30 for details)
- Turkish translation (PDF) 18 mb
- Book 2: Foundations of Belief.
- Al-Ghazālī: The Principles of the Creed, Translated by Khalid Williams, Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 2016.
- English translation by N. A. Faris (in HTML and PDF). Review of the Faris translation by Watt (in 1964).
- Turkish Translation (PDF) 8.76 mb
- Book 3: Mysteries of Purity.
- Al-Ghazālī: The Mysteries of Purification, Translated by M. F. Aresmouk and M A. Fitzgerald, Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 2017.
- English translation by N. A. Faris (PDF). Also .doc format. –
- Turkish Translation (PDF) 4.76 megs. New English translation
- Book 4: Mysteries of Worship.
- Al-Ghazālī: The Mysteries of Prayer, Translated by M A. Fitzgerald, Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 2018.
- English translation by E. E. Caverley (also in PDF).
- Book 5: Mysteries of Zakat (Charity).
- Al-Ghazālī: The Mysteries of Charity and the Mysteries of Fasting, Translated by M A. Fitzgerald, Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 2018.
- English Translation by N. A. Faris (also PDF) and (doc)
- Book 6: Mysteries of Fasting.
- Al-Ghazālī: The Mysteries of Charity and the Mysteries of Fasting, Translated by M A. Fitzgerald, Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 2018.
- English translation by N. A. Faris (PDF)
- Book 7: Mysteries of Pilgrimage.
- Al-Ghazālī: The Mysteries of Pilgrimage, Translated by M A. Fitzgerald, Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, Forthcoming in 2019.
- English translation by I. Umar (AUC [Thesis 340]: 1975 M.A. dissertation) (html) (Author’s complete) Proof reading by S. Sharafi courtesy of Nur. Thank you both, you guys are great. (PDF) Also another Arabic edition, M. A. ʿAlī: PDF
- Book 8: The Etiquette of the Recitation of the Qurʾān.
- Al-Ghazālī: The Etiquette of the Recitation of the Qurʾān, Translated by James Pavlin, Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, Forthcoming.
- Book 9: Invocations and Supplications.
- Al-Ghazālī: Invocations and Supplications, Translated by Khalid Williams, Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, Forthcoming.
- English translation by K. Nakamura (ITS description).
- Book 10: On the Arrangements of Litanies and the Exposition of the Night Vigil.
- Al-Ghazālī: On the Arrangements of Litanies and the Exposition of the Night Vigil, Translated by Muhtar Holland and James Pavlin. Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, Forthcoming.
- Book 1: Book of knowledge (Faris’ text)
- Book 11: On the Manners Related to Eating. English translation by D. Johnson-Davies. (ITS description)
- Book 12: On the Etiquette of Marriage:
- Arabic original (Word file format only!) with ḥadīth verifications.
- English translation* by the late M. Farah. Also in PDF
- Another English translation The Proper Conduct of Marriage in Islām (Ādāb an-Nikāḥ) Book Tweleve of Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm ad-Dīn by M. Holland: Al-Baz Publishing (1998), 99p.
- Persian translation (from Kimiya-i-Saʿadat) (Persian PDF)
- French translation (from Algiers) (French PDF)
- German translation: Hans Bauer: Al-Ghazālī. Das Buch der Ehe. Kitab adabi n-nikah. Das 12. Buch der Iḥyaʾ ʿulum ad-din. Übersetzt und kommentiert von Hans Bauer (Kandern, Spohr, 2005).
- Book 13: On the Etiquette of Acquisition and Earning a Livelihood. Translated as The Book of the Proprieties of Earning and Living, translated by Adi Setia, IBFIM , Kuala Lumpur, 2013, 187pp, ISBN: 9789670149288.
- Book 14: The Lawful and Prohibited (Translated) Translated as the Book of the Lawful and the Unlawful, translated by Nicholas Mahdi Lock, IBFIM, Kuala Lumpur, 2013, 258pp, IBN: 9789670149271.
- Book 15: On the Duties of Brotherhood. Partial translation by M. Holland. (cover-image) (Arabic edition partial outtakes PDF).
- Book 16: On the Etiquette of Seclusion.
- Book 17: On the Etiquette of Travel
- AL-GHAZALI ON CONDUCT IN TRAVEL Translated by: LEONARD LIBRANDE, Islamic Texts Society, Cambridge, 2015
- Book 18: On Music and Singing. Translated by D. B. MacDonald in three parts (PDF) Part I + II + III, published as Music and Singing by IBT Books, Kuala Lumpur, 2009, 139pp. ISBN: 9789675062230.
- Book 19: On Enjoining Good and Forbidding Evil.
- Al-Ghazālī: The Commanding of the Good and Forbidden of the Wrong, Translated by James Pavlin. Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, Forthcoming, late 2019.
- Partial translation in Michael Cook’s Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islamic Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 427-459.
- Book 20: Etiquette of Living and the Prophetic Mannerism:
- New translation by Dr. Adi Setia, Louisville, KY: Fons, forthcoming, 2019.
- (E-text) rtf (rich text file- word) or (PDF)
- Book 21: The Marvels of the Heart:
- Complete English translation by W. J. Skellie (PhD thesis (PDF), Hartford Seminary—published edition (Fons Vitae March 2010). N.B. that Skellie translated the edition that was published by Zabidi in his commentary on the ihya’ which has slight variations from the standard Cairo edition. These have been restored in the Fons Vitae edition.
- Partial translation in Freedom and Fulfillment by McCarthy (Boston: Twayne, 1980), pp. 363–382; Reprinted (Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 1999), pp. 309–325;
- Partial translation in Knowledge of God in Classical Sufism by John Renard (New York: Paulist Press, 2004), pp. 298–326.
- Also published as Wonders of the Heart (Malaysia: IBT, 2007), without the complete translator’s introduction and notes; includes an index and publishers note.
- Book 22: On Disciplining the Soul. English translation by T. J. Winter (ITS description).
- Book 23: On Breaking the Two Desires.
- English translation by T. J. Winter. (ITS description)
- English translation by C. Farah. (HTML E-text) (PDF)
- Book 24: Defects of the Tongue
- Book 25: Condemnation of Rancor and Envy
- Book 26: Condemnation of the World
- Book 27: Condemnation of Miserliness and Condemnation of the Love of wealth.
- Book 28: Condemnation of Status and Ostentation. Translation of its Arabic Summary.
- Book 29: Condemnation of Pride and Conceit. (English translation by M. Rustom as: Al-Ghazālī On the Condemnation of Pride and Self-Admiration, Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 2018. ITS description)
- Book 30: Condemnation of Self-Delusion.
- Book 31: On Repentance. English Translation by M. S. Stern. (E-text) (PDF)
- Also available in (unedited word file)
- Part I is now available in html.
- German translation: Books 31–36: Richard Gramlich, Muhammad al-Gazzālīs Lehre von den Stufen zur Gottesliebe : die Bücher 31-36 seines Hauptwerkes. Eingel., übers. u. komment. von Richard Gramlich (Wiesbaden, Steiner, 1984).
- Book 32: On Patience and Thankfulness. English translation by H. T. Littlejohn. (ITS description).
- Book 33: On Fear and Hope. English translation by W. McKane (E-text) (PDF). Also in complete edited word file. reviewed by Watt in 1964. (pdf)
- Book 34: On Poverty and Abstinence. English translation by A. F. Shaker. (ITS description)
- Book 35: Faith in Divine Unity and Trust in Divine Providence.
- English translation by D. Burrell. (Fons Vitae)
- German: Hans Wehr, Al-Gazzālī‘s Buch vom Gottvertrauen. Das 35. Buch des Ihyaʾ ʿulum ad-dīn. Übers. u. mit Einl. u. Anm. vers. v. Hans Wehr. Halle: Niemeyer, 1940.
- Book 36: On Love, Longing, Intimacy and Contentment. (English Translation, E. Ormsby, 2012, ITS). For German see above #31.
- Book 37: On Intention, Sincerity, and Truth.
- Edited Arabic PDF. Edited Arabic MS word.
- English translation by A. F. Shaker (ITS description).
- German translation by Hans Bauer, Islamische Ethik. Nach den Orignalquellen übersetzt und erläutert. Heft 1: Über Intention, Reine Absicht und Wahrhaftigkeit. (das 37. Buch von Al-Ġazālī) (pdf )
- Book 38: On Holding Vigil and Self-Examination.
- Al-Ghazālī On Vigilance and Self-Examination Translated by: Anthony F. Shaker Islamic Texts Society, Cambridge, 2015
- Book 39: On Meditation.
- Book 40: On the Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. English translation by T. J. Winter (ITS)
- Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. (E-text)
- Sample of the book. (PDF) courtesy of the publisher.
- Book 31: On Repentance. English Translation by M. S. Stern. (E-text) (PDF)
- Printed Editions: Please go to this page for more details on fourteen (14) printed editions including the most recent editions printed in the twenty first century.
- Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-Dīn was first printed at Būlāq, 1269/1853 followed by a lithograph in India in 1863, then in 1894 on the margins of its commentary which is one of the most reliable editions to date. In the 25 Spetember 1939 Cairo edition by the Ḥalabī press it was edited by a committee of scholars headed by the Azhari scholar Aḥmad saʿad ʿAlī it was printed with the now standard addendum and marginal text of al-ʿIrāqī. All later publishers would follow suit with few modern exceptions.
- al-Ghazālī. Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-Dīn. Cairo: Lajnat Nashr al-Thaqāfa al-Islāmiyya, 1356–57 (1937–38). This is the edition that the Dār al-Shaʿab based their editon on. It has been recreated here with the pagination in red on the pdf files. Thanks is due to Prof. Frank Griffel for this information, his help in recreating this edition and providing the scans of the missing pages. Do note that this is a very readable and an accurate edition that is used for scholarly work.
- volume 1 (parts 1 -4)
- volume 2 (parts 5-8)
- volume 3 (parts 9 -12)
- volume 4 (parts 13-16). (PDF facsimile)
- SUMMARIES: There are many summaries of the Iḥyāʾ, though only a handful are published; the others remain in manuscript form. For more information about the summaries of the Iḥyāʾ in Arabic, see this short article (Arabic html).
- Summary by Aḥmad al-Ghazālī (pdf) Lubāb al-iḥyāʾ, published as Mukhtaṣar Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn. The publisher claims that it is by Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī, though I believe this is incorrect. (PDF). This book has been translated into English: Imam Al-Ghazālī Mukhtaṣar iḥyāʾ ʿulūm ad-dīn translated from the Arabic, and annotated by Marwan Khalaf. Lympia/Nikosia, Cyprus: SPOHR, 2014.
- The Iḥyāʾ was summarized in a book entitled Minhaj al-qaṣidīn by Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597 AH/1201 CE), (PDF1, PDF2) which was further summarized in Mukhtaṣar minhāj al-qaṣidin by Ibn Qudāma al-Maqdisī (d. 620 AH/1341 CE). (link Arabic HTML). This book has been widely distributed and reprinted several times, one of which by Dār al-Khayr, Damascus, 1998; with ḥadīth verification by M. W. Salman and A. A. H. Abulkhair (PDF) also other editions are available: ʿA. Ḥ. M. Darwish edition:PDF, S. ʿĀref edition: PDF, ʿA. Ḥ. ʿA. Ḥalabī edition: PDF, and ʿA. Q. al-ʾArnāouṭ edition: PDF, and Z. Shāwīsh edition: PDF)
- Tahdhīb mūʿaẓat al-mūʾminīn, Jamāl al-Dīn al-Qāsimiī n.p. n.d. Note that he also did a sumarry of Qūt al-Qulūb (PDF), (PDF) .
- Modern summary of the Iḥyāʾ comes from Saliḥ Aḥmad al-Shāmī, al-Muhadhab min iḥyaʾ ʿulum al-dīn, 2 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, 1993). Sample translation (link) Also another edtion is available from Dār ibn al-Qayīm: PDF. This is an admirable attempt that closely follows the structure of the original book.
- The late Saʿid Ḥawwa (d. 1989) wrote a summary for a training curriculum: al-Mustakhlaṣ fī tazkiyat al-anfus (Cairo: Dar al-Salam, 1984). (PDF) The author/activist was a prolific writer.
- COMMENTARY: A commentary (sharḥ) of al-Iḥyaʾ by Murtaḍā al-Zabīdī’s [d. 1791] Itḥaf al-sada al-muttaqīn bi sharḥ iḥyāʾ ʿulum al-dīn, printed in Cairo 1894 in 10 large volumes. This work is still in print in facsimiles of this edition as well as well as an unreliable DKI edition. Note that the link provided is for the complete 1894 edition. (download page)
- Defense: As many were critical of al-Ghazālī there were as many if not more who rallied to his defense:
- In his own defense, al-Ghazālī wrote: al-Imlāʾ fī ishkalat al-iḥyāʾ (Notes on issues of the Iḥyāʾ) printed as an appendix in some editions of the Iḥyāʾ (pdf)
- ʿAbd al-Qādir al-ʿAydrūs, Taʿarif al-aḥyāʾ bi faḍʾil al-iḥyāʾ (Introducing the living to the benefits of the Iḥyāʾ) printed as an appendix in some editions of the Iḥyāʾ (pdf). Note the pun in the title, which is, of course, intentional.
- al-Suyūṭī, Tashyad al-ʾarkān fī laysa fī al-imkan ʾabdaʿ mimā kān (Fortifying the foundations of [the statement] “the best of all possible worlds” ) printed as an appendix in some editions of the Iḥyāʾ (PDF). Note also this work was the basis of a study done in Theodicy in Islamic Thought: The Dispute over Al-Ghazālī’s “Best of All Possible Worlds” by Eric L. Ormsby (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984).
- Unknown author: Risala fi bayan faḍil iḥyāʾ ʿulum al-dīn (mss in al-Azhar number 1956 [majami 91] folios 76-86).
- Unknown author: Risāla fī al-rad ʿala min ʿatraḍa ʿala al-ghazālī fī qawlihi ana al-musabibāt ratabat ʿala al-ʾasbāb (mss in Dār al-Kutub al-miṣriyya [majāmīʿ 210])
- Refutations: The Iḥyāʾ has generated some heated discussions mostly revolving around the traditions that al-Ghazālī included.
- Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597 AH) iʿlam al-aḥyaʾ bi aghlat al-iḥyāʾ (not printed and no known mss copies)
- al-Dhahabi mentioned that Abū al-Ḥasan b. Sukar wrote Iḥyāʾ mayit al-aḥya fi al-rad ʿala kitab al-iḥyāʾ (not printed and no known mss copies)
- Aḥmad b. Munir al-Iskandarī (d. 1284) wrote al-Ḍiyaʾal-mutalali fi taʿqub al-iḥyāʾ lil ghazālī as mentioned by Zabīdī (in commentary above) vol. 1. p .33, ln 10) (not printed and no known mss copies)
- A Shiʿa ‘recension’: under the title: al-Maḥajjah al-bayḍā’ fī tahdhīb al-Iḥyāʾ by Muḥammad b. al-Murtaḍa al-madʿū bi-al-Mawla Muḥsin al-Kāshānī (d. 1681) Thanks to Prof. Alger for referring to this book in his monograph on Ghazali. (PDF)
- Fatawas (judicial decrees) by scholars and these are too many list or know but Ibn Taymiyya is known to have written one as well as al-Ṭarṭushi. Even in modern times there have been fatwās issued by Saudi ʿulamāʾ. A typical critique along those lines is by ʿA. R. Dimashqīya: PDF.
- E-pub Version of the Arabic Text of the Iḥyāʾ
- Shamela version of the Iḥyāʾ(link) – Shamela version (online)
- List of Personalities mentioned in the Iḥyāʾ. (redone!)
- Islamic Text Society: Al-Ghazālī Series (link)
- Translations from Fons Vitae. (website and navigate to Ghazali section)
- Turkish translation of the Iḥyāʾ.
- Urdu translation of the Iḥyāʾ (link)
- Sufi Review of Iḥyāʾ (link)
- Mawlana Fazil Karim’s Summarized English translation from the Urdu translation. (online)
- King Saud University manuscript collection. A link to one such ms copied in 12th cen AH by ʿA. A. Kanānī, a partial ms. More manuscripts are available here: link2, link3, link4, link5, link6, link7, link8, link9, and a summary here, Mukhtaṣar Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn: link10.
- Princeton University Library, has a complete copy of the ihya but it is not available online yet, we can hope.
- Illuminated manuscript. (scanned from the Tunisian National Archives).
- Manuscripts from Turkey. (list).
- List of Iḥyāʾ manuscripts from Badawi (Arabic word file with minor additions in red), original entry in PDF
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Kritik Hadits-Hadits Ihya Ulumuddin by محمد عقيل المهدلي
The Revival of the Religious Sciences - Wikipedia
الغزالي | |
Title | Hujjat al-Islām (honorific)[2] |
---|---|
Personal | |
Born | Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad aṭ-Ṭūsī al-Ġaz(z)ālī c. 1058 |
Died | 19 December 1111 (aged 52–53) Tus, Greater Khorasan, Seljuq Empire |
Religion | Islam |
Era | Islamic Golden Age |
Region | Great Seljuq Empire (Nishapur)[1]:292 Abbasid Caliphate (Baghdad) / (Jerusalem) / (Damascus)[1]:292 |
Denomination | Sunni[3][4] |
Jurisprudence | Shafiʿi |
Creed | Ashʿari[5][6] |
Main interest(s) | Sufism, theology (kalam), philosophy, logic, Islamic jurisprudence |
Notable work(s) | The Revival of Religious Sciences, The Aims of the Philosophers, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, The Alchemy of Happiness, The Moderation in Belief, On Legal theory of Muslim Jurisprudence |
Other names | Algazel |
Senior posting | |
|
- 3Works
Life[edit]
School affiliations[edit]
Part of a series on Islam Sufism |
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|
Works[edit]
Incoherence of the Philosophers[edit]
Autobiography[edit]
The Revival of Religious Sciences[edit]
Works in Persian[edit]
Influence[edit]
Works[edit]
Pages | Content |
---|---|
1–72 | works definitely written by al-Ghazali |
73–95 | works of doubtful attribution |
96–127 | works which are almost certainly not those of al-Ghazali |
128–224 | are the names of the Chapters or Sections of al-Ghazali's books that are mistakenly thought by him |
225–273 | books written by other authors on al-Ghazali's works |
274–389 | books of other unknown scholars/writers regarding al-Ghazali's life and personality |
389–457 | the name of the manuscripts of al-Ghazali's works in different libraries of the world: |
Title | Description | Type |
---|---|---|
al-Munqidh min al-dalal | Rescuer from Error | Theology |
Hujjat al-Haq | Proof of the Truth | Theology |
Al-Iqtisād fī al-iʿtiqad | The Moderation in Belief | Theology |
al-maqsad al-asna fi sharah asma' Allahu al-husna | The best means in explaining Allah's Beautiful Names | Theology |
Jawahir al-Qur'an wa duraruh | Jewels of the Qur'an and Its Pearls | Theology |
Fayasl al-tafriqa bayn al-Islam wa-l-zandaqa | The Criterion of Distinction between Islam and Clandestine Unbelief | Theology |
Al-radd al-jamil li-ilahiyyat ‘Isa bi-sarih al-Injil | The Excellent Refutation of the Divinity of Jesus through the Text of the Gospel | Theology |
Mishkat al-Anwar | The Niche for Lights ,a commentary on the Verse of Light | Theology |
Tafsir al-yaqut al-ta'wil | Theology | |
Mizan al-'amal | Criterion of Action | Tawassuf |
Ihya'e Ulum-ed'Deen | The Revival of the Religious Sciences | Tawassuf |
Bidayat al-hidayah | Beginning of Guidance | Tawassuf |
Kimiya-yi sa'ādat | The Alchemy of Happiness [a résumé of Ihya'ul ulum, in Persian] | Tawassuf |
Nasihat al-muluk | Counseling Kings in Persian | Tawassuf |
al-Munqidh min al-dalal | Rescuer from Error | Tawassuf |
Minhaj al-'Abidin | Methodology for the Worshipers | Tawassuf |
Maqasid al falasifa | Aims of the Philosophers written in the beginning of his life, in favour of philosophy and presenting the basic theories in Philosophy, mostly influenced by Avicenna's works | Philosophy |
Tahafut al-Falasifa | The Incoherence of the Philosophers), [Book refutes the Greek Philosophy aiming at Avicenna and Al-Farabi; and of which Ibn Rushd wrote his famous refutation Tahafut al-tahafut (The Incoherence of the Incoherence) | Philosophy |
Miyar al-Ilm fi fan al-Mantiq | Criterion of Knowledge in the Art of Logic | Philosophy |
Mihak al-Nazar fi al-mantiq | Touchstone of Reasoning in Logic | Philosophy |
al-Qistas al-mustaqim | The Correct Balance | Philosophy |
Fatawy al-Ghazali | Verdicts of al-Ghazali | Jurisprudence |
Al-wasit fi al-mathab | (The medium [digest] in the Jurisprudential school) | Jurisprudence |
Kitab tahzib al-Isul | Prunning on Legal Theory | Jurisprudence |
al-Mustasfa fi 'ilm al-isul | The Clarified in Legal Theory | Jurisprudence |
Asas al-Qiyas | Foundation of Analogical reasoning | Jurisprudence |
The Jerusalem Tract[55] | Jurisprudence | |
Sources:[56][57]:29 |
Reception of work[edit]
“ | Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad, the Proof of Islam, Ornament of the Faith, Abu Hamid al-Tusi (al-Ghazali) the Shafi'ite jurist, was in his later years without rival[59] | ” |
“ | He was called The Proof of Islam and undoubtedly was worthy of the name, absolutely trustworthy (in respect of the Faith) How many an epitome (has he given) us setting forth the basic principles of religion: how much that was repetitive has he summarised, and epitomised what was lengthy. How many a simple explanation has he given us of what was hard to fathom, with brief elucidation and clear solution of knotty problems. He used moderation, being quiet but decisive in silencing an adversary, though his words were like a sharp sword-thrust in refuting a slanderer and protecting the high-road of guidance.[60] | ” |
“ | 'If there had been a prophet after Muhammad, al-Ghazali would have been the man'.[61][62] | ” |
Economic philosophy[edit]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ abGriffel, Frank (2006). Meri, Josef W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic civilization : an encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. ISBN978-0415966900.
- ^ abHunt Janin, The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World, p. 83. ISBN0786419547
- ^Meri, Josef W.; Bacharach, Jere L. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K. Taylor and Francis. p. 293. ISBN978-0415966917.
- ^Böwering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia (2013). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. p. 191. ISBN978-0691134840.
Ghazali (ca. 1058–1111) Abu Hamid Muhammad b. Muhammad al-Ghazali al-Tusi (the “Proof of Islam”) is the most renowned Sunni theologian of the Seljuq period (1038–1194).
- ^A.C. Brown, Jonathan (2009). Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World (Foundations of Islam). Oneworld Publications. p. 179. ISBN978-1851686636.
- ^Leaman, Oliver (2006). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 84. ISBN978-0415326391.
- ^Frank Griffel, Al-Ghazali's Philosophical Theology, p. 77. ISBN0199724725
- ^Frank Griffel, Al-Ghazali's Philosophical Theology, p 75. ISBN0199724725
- ^Andrew Rippin, The Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an, p 410. ISBN1405178442
- ^Frank Griffel, Al-Ghazali's Philosophical Theology, p 76. ISBN0199724725
- ^The Influence of Islamic Thought on Maimonides Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, June 30, 2005
- ^Karin Heinrichs, Fritz Oser, Terence Lovat, Handbook of Moral Motivation: Theories, Models, Applications, p 257. ISBN9462092753
- ^Muslim PhilosophyArchived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine, Islamic Contributions to Science & Math, netmuslims.com
- ^'Ghazali'. Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ^'Al-Ghazali'. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ^'Ghazālī, al-'. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ^'Ghazali, al-'. The Columbia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
- ^Ludwig W. Adamec (2009), Historical Dictionary of Islam, p.109. Scarecrow Press. ISBN0810861615.
- ^ abcdGriffel, Frank (2016). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
- ^The Spirit of Creativity: Basic Mechanisms of Creative Achievements 'Persian polymath Al-Ghazali published several treatises..'
- ^AL-GHAZALI « Al-Ghazali est né en 450 de l’Hégire, soit 1058 de l’ère chrétienne, dans la ville de Tus (Khorassan) ou dans un des villages avoisinants, au sein d’une famille persane de condition modeste.. »
- ^The Ethics of Suicide: Historical Sources 'A native of Khorassan, of Persian origin, the Muslim theologian, sufi mystic, and philosopher Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali is one of the great figures of Islamic religious thought..'
- ^Jane I. Smith, Islam in America, p. 36. ISBN0231519990
- ^Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566
- ^Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 421
- ^Böwering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Mirza, Mahan; Kadi, Wadad; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim; Stewart, Devin J. (2013). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. p. 191. ISBN978-0691134840.
- ^Sonn, Tamara (1996-10-10). Interpreting Islam: Bandali Jawzi's Islamic Intellectual History. Oxford University Press. p. 30. ISBN9780195356564.
- ^ abcdefghijGriffel, Frank (2009). Al-Ghazālī's Philosophical Theology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN9780195331622.
- ^Rahman, Yucel (2016). 'The Mujaddid of His Age'.
- ^'Seljuk Empire', Wikipedia, 2019-04-04, retrieved 2019-04-09
- ^ abBöwering, Gerhard. 'ḠAZĀLĪ'. Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
- ^Nicholson, Reynold Alleyne. (1966). 'A literary history of the Arabs.' London: Cambridge University Press. p. 382.
- ^ abR.M. Frank, Al-Ghazali and the Ashʿarite School, Duke University Press, London 1994
- ^ ab'about five dozen authentic works, in addition to which some 300 other titles of works of uncertain, doubtful, or spurious authorship, many of them duplicates owing to varying titles, are cited in Muslim bibliographical literature. [..] Already Ebn Ṭofayl (d. 581/1185, q.v.) observed that Ḡazālī wrote for different audiences, ordinary men and the elite (pp. 69-72), and Ḡazālī himself completed the rather moderate theological treatise, Eljām al-ʿawāmmʿan ʿelm al-kalām “The restraining of ordinary men from theology,” in the last month before his death' Encyclopedia Iranica.
- ^Craig, William Lane (2001). The cosmological argument from Plato to Leibniz. Eugene, OR.: Wipf and Stock. p. 89. ISBN978-1579107871.
- ^Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia . macmillan. pp. 118–9. ISBN9780099523277.
- ^For al-Ghazali's argument see The Incoherence of the Philosophers. Translated by Michael E. Marmura. 2nd ed, Provo Utah, 2000, pp.116-7.
- ^For Ibn Rushd's response, see Khalid, Muhammad A. ed. Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings, Cambridge UK, 2005, p.162)
- ^'Many orientalists argue that Ghazali's Tahafut is responsible for the age of decline in science in the Muslim World. This is their key thesis as they attempt to explain the scientific and intellectual history of the Islamic world. It seems to be the most widely accepted view on the matter not only in the Western world but in the Muslim world as well. George Saliba, a Professor of Arabic and Islamic Science at Columbia University who specializes in the development of astronomy within Islamic civilization, calls this view the 'classical narrative' (Saliba, 2007).' Aydin, Nuh. 'Did al-Ghazali kill the science in Islam?'. Archived from the original on 2015-04-30. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
- ^Hasan Hasan, How the decline of Muslim scientific thought still haunts, The National, 9 February 2012.
- ^McCarthy, Richard Joseph (1980). Freedom and fulfillment: 'al-Munqidh min al-Dalal' and other relevant works. Boston: Twayne. ISBN978-0805781670.
- ^James, William (2012). Bradley, Matthew (ed.). The Varieties of Religious Experience. Oxford Univ Press. ISBN9780199691647.
- ^Hunt Janin, The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World 610-2003, p 83. ISBN0786429046
- ^Joseph E. B. Lumbard, Islam, Fundamentalism, and the Betrayal of Tradition: Essays by Western Muslim Scholars, p. 291. ISBN0941532607
- ^ abcdeButler-Bowdon (2017). 'The Alchemy of Happiness'. Spiritual Classics. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
- ^ abcdWinter, T.J (2016). Al-Ghazali on Disciplining the Soul and on Breaking the Two Desires. The Islamic Text Society.
- ^Translated into English by Mohammed Asim Bilal and available at archive.org
- ^Smith, Margaret, “The Forerunner of al-Ghazali', Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1936, pp. 65-78., Margaret (1936). 'The Forerunner of Al-Ghazali': 13.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^'Ghazâlî had successfully introduced logic into the madrasa (though it was studied in other venues as well (Endress 2006)). What happened to it after this time was the result of the activities of logicians much more gifted than Ghazâlî. This period has tentatively been called the Golden Age of Arabic philosophy (Gutas 2002). It is in this period, and especially in the thirteenth century, that the major changes in the coverage and structure of Avicennan logic were introduced; these changes were mainly introduced in free-standing treatises on logic. It has been observed that the thirteenth century was the time that “doing logic in Arabic was thoroughly disconnected from textual exegesis, perhaps more so than at any time before or since” (El-Rouayheb 2010b: 48–49). Many of the major textbooks for teaching logic in later centuries come from this period. [..] For all his historical importance in the process of introducing logic into the madrasa, the logic that Ghazâlî defended was too dilute to be recognizably Farabian or Avicennan.'Tony Street (July 23, 2008). 'Arabic and Islamic Philosophy of Language and Logic'. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
- ^ abSells, Michael Anthony (1996). Early Islamic Mysticism: Sufi, Qurʼan, Miraj, Poetic and Theological Writings. New York: Paulist. ISBN9780809136193.
- ^'AL-Ghazali'(PDF). Quarterly Review of Comparative Education. 23: 3–4.
- ^Soussi, Khalid (2016-11-01). 'AL Ghazali Cultivates Education: A Comparison with Modern Theories'. International Journal of Education and Research. 4.
- ^Louchakova-Schwartz, Olga (2011). 'The Self and the World: Vedanta, Sufism, and the Presocratics in a Phenomenological View'. Phenomenology/Ontopoiesis Retrieving Geo-cosmic Horizons of Antiquity. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 423–438. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1691-9_33. ISBN9789400716902.
- ^Sidani, Yusuf; Al Ariss, Akram (2014-04-04). 'New Conceptual Foundations for Islamic Business Ethics: The Contributions of Abu-Hamid Al-Ghazali'. Journal of Business Ethics. 129 (4): 847–857. doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2136-5. ISSN0167-4544.
- ^At the insistence of his students in Jerusalem, al-Ghazali wrote a concise exposition of Islam Khalidi, Walid; Khalidi, commentary by Walid (1984). Before their diaspora : a photographic history of the Palestinians, 1876–1948. Washington, D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN978-0887281433.
- ^'The Mishkat al-Anwar of al-Ghazzali Index'.
- ^At the insistence of his students in Jerusalem, al-Ghazali wrote a concise exposition of Islam. Khalidi, Walid; Khalidi, commentary by Walid (1984). Before their diaspora: a photographic history of the Palestinians, 1876–1948. Washington, D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN978-0887281433.
- ^William Montgomery Watt, Al-Ghazali: The Muslim Intellectual, p. 180. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1963.
- ^al-Wafa bi'l wafayat, p. 274 - 277. Also see Tabaqat al-Shafiyya, subki, 4, 101.
- ^Margaret Smith, Al-Ghazali, The Mystic, p. 47
- ^Tabaqat al-Shafi’iyyah al-Kubra, Cairo, 1324/1906, Vol. IV, p. 101
- ^Margaret Smith, Al-Ghazali, The Mystic, p. 48
- ^Al-Dhahabi. Siyar A'laam al-Nubala'. 9. Lebanon: Dar Al-Hadith. p. 323.
- ^Menocal, Maria Rosa (29 November 2009). The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain. Little, Brown. ISBN9780316092791 – via Google Books.
- ^ ab'Al-Ghazali and the Revival of Islamic Scholarship'. 22 May 2013. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
- ^ abcdeGhazanfar and Islahi (1997). 'Economic Thought of Al-Ghazali'(PDF). Islamic Economics Research Series, King Abdulaziz University. 2: 7–18 – via Google Scholar.
References[edit]
- Haque, Amber (2004), 'Psychology from Islamic perspective: contributions of early Muslim scholars and challenges to contemporary Muslim psychologists', Journal of Religion & Health, 43 (4): 357–377, doi:10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z
- Savage-Smith, Emilie (1995), 'Attitudes toward dissection in medieval Islam', Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 50 (1): 67–110, doi:10.1093/jhmas/50.1.67, PMID7876530
- Rahman, M. R., & Yucel, S. (2016). The Mujaddid of His Age: Al-Ghazali And His Inner Spiritual Journey. UMRAN - International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies (EISSN: 2289-8204),3(2). doi:10.11113/umran2016.3n2.56
- Soussi, K. (2016). Al Ghazali Cultivates Education: A Comparison with Modern Theories. Islamic Spirituality : Theology and Practice for the Modern World,4(11). doi:10.5040/9781474297820.0013
- Justin Parrott (2017) Al-Ghazali and the Golden Rule: Ethics of Reciprocity in the Works of a Muslim Sage, Journal of Religious & Theological Information, 16:2, 68-78, DOI: 10.1080/10477845.2017.1281067
- Smith, Margaret, “The Forerunner of al-Ghazali ”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1936, pp. 65–78.
Further reading[edit]
- Macdonald, Duncan B. (1899). 'The life of al-Ghazzali', in Journal of the American Oriental Society. 20, p. 122 sqq.
- Laoust, H: La politique de Gazali, Paris 1970
- Campanini, M.: Al-Ghazzali, in Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Oliver Leaman, History of Islamic Philosophy 1996
- Campanini, Massimo, Ghazali, in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. ISBN1610691776
- Watt, W. M.: Muslim Intellectual: A Study of al-Ghazali, Edinburgh 1963
- Zwemer, S. M. A Moslem Seeker after God, New York 1920
- Nakamura, K. 'Al-Ghazali', Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Dougan, A. The Glimpse: The Inner teaching of Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazzali's Mishkat al-Anwar (The Niche for Lights) by Abdullah DouganISBN0-9597566-6-3
- A comparison between the philosophy of Ghazali and the Copenhagen Interpretation: Harding, Karen (1993). 'Causality Then and Now: al-Ghazali and Quantum Theory'(PDF). American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences. 1 (2): 165–177. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2010-07-04.
- Watt, W. Montgomery (1953). The Faith and Practice of Al-Ghazali. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original works written by or about: Al-Ghazali |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Al-Ghazali. |
- Translation of the Ihya ulum al-din (The Revival of Religious Sciences), Vol 1, Vol. 2, Vol. 3, Vol.4
- Griffel, Frank. 'Al-Ghazali'. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Ghazali Series page at the Islamic Texts Society
- Works by Al-Ghazali at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- A detailed biography on Imam Ghazzali (450-505H) الغزَّالِي
- Works by or about Al-Ghazali at Internet Archive
- Full text of Incoherence of the Philosophers, from Al-Ghazali website
- Short commentary on The Alchemy of Happiness
- The Alchemy of Happiness, by Mohammed Al-Ghazzali, the Mohammedan Philosopher, trans. Henry A. Homes (Albany, N.Y.: Munsell, 1873). See original text in The Online Library of Liberty.
- 'Al-Ghazali Contra Aristotle: An Unforeseen Overture to Science In Eleventh-Century Baghdad'. Richard P. Aulie. PSCF 45. March 1994. pp. 26–46.
- Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali, in https://web.archive.org/web/20120415041817/http://www.intellectualencounters.org/
- ‹See Tfd›(in French)Profession de Foi de l'Imam Al Ghazali
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